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Is Read Command in Big Endian in C

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Identification of a specific solar day

Calendar Today
Gregorian 28 Feb 2022
Julian xv February 2022
Hijri (Tabular) 26 Rajab 1443
Hebrew 27 Adar I 5782

A calendar date is a reference to a item day represented inside a calendar system. The calendar date allows the specific day to be identified. The number of days betwixt two dates may be calculated. For example, "25 February 2022" is x days afterwards "15 February 2022". The date of a particular issue depends on the observed fourth dimension zone. For case, the air attack on Pearl Harbor that began at 7:48 a.one thousand. Hawaiian time on 7 December 1941 took place at 3:18 a.yard. Japan Standard Time, viii December in Japan.

A particular mean solar day may exist assigned a different nominal date co-ordinate to the calendar used, so an identifying suffix may exist needed where ambiguity may ascend.[a] The Gregorian agenda is the world's most widely used civil agenda,[1] and is designated (in English language) as Ad or CE. Many cultures use religious or regnal calendars such as the Gregorian (Western Christendom, AD), Hebrew agenda (Judaism, AM), the Hijri calendars (Islam, AH), Julian calendar (Eastern Christendom, AD) or any other of the many calendars used around the world. In most calendar systems, the date consists of three parts: the (numbered) day of the month, the calendar month, and the (numbered) yr. There may also be additional parts, such as the twenty-four hours of the week. Years are usually counted from a particular starting bespeak, unremarkably chosen the epoch, with era referring to the span of time since that epoch.[b]

A date without the year may also be referred to every bit a date or calendar date (such as "28 February" rather than "28 Feb 2022"). As such, it is either shorthand for the current year or it defines the mean solar day of an annual consequence, such equally a birthday on 31 May, a vacation on 1 September, or Christmas on 25 December.

Many reckoner systems internally store points in time in Unix fourth dimension format or another system fourth dimension format. The appointment (Unix) command—internally using the C date and time functions—can be used to convert that internal representation of a signal in time to near of the date representations shown here.

Usage map [edit]

Colour Order styles End Chief regions and countries
(population of each region in millions) 		Total
population
(millions)

 Cyan

 DMY L Europe: Italia (60), Ukraine (42), Netherlands (17), others (95)
Central America: Mexico (127), Guatemala (18), Republic of honduras (9.2), others (19)
South America: Brazil (210), Colombia (46), Argentina (45), Peru (32), Venezuela (32), Ecuador (17), others (43)
North Africa: Arab republic of egypt (99), Algeria (43), Kingdom of morocco (35), Tunisia (12), others (eleven)
West, Key, and Southern Africa: Nigeria (193), Ethiopia (99), DRC (87), Tanzania (56), Sudan (41), Uganda (xl), others (323)
West Asia and the Middle Eastward: Turkey (82), Iraq (forty), Kingdom of saudi arabia (33), Yemen (xxx), others (107)
Cardinal and South asia: Pakistan (208), People's republic of bangladesh (166), Tajikistan (8.ix), Kyrgyzstan (6.4), Turkmenistan (5.9)
Southeast Asia: Indonesia (268), Thailand (66), Cambodia (sixteen), others (8.ix)
Others: diverse Caribbean area islands (26), Papua New Guinea (8.six), New Zealand (v.0), others (five.5) 		2,867

 Xanthous

 YMD B China (1,397), Japan (126), Due south Korea (52), N Korea (25), Canada (37), [ citation needed ] Taiwan (24), Hungary (10), Mongolia (iii.3), Lithuania (2.8), Bhutan (0.74). i,678

 Magenta

 MDY M Some U.S. island territories (0.55) 0.55

 Green

 DMY, YMD Fifty, B Republic of india (one,346), Russian federation (147), Vietnam (95), Germany (83), Iran (82), France (67), United kingdom (66), Myanmar (54), Kingdom of spain (47), Poland (38), Uzbekistan (33), Afghanistan (32), Nepal (30), Australia (25), Republic of cameroon (24), Sri Lanka (22), Romania (20), others (120) 2,391

 Blue

 DMY, MDY L, M Philippines (107), Malaysia (33), Somalia (xvi), Togo (7.five), Panama (4.2), Puerto Rico (three.2), Cayman Islands (0.63), Greenland (0.56) 171

 Scarlet

 MDY, YMD M, B United states (329) 329

 Grey

 MDY, YMD, DMY K, B, L Due south Africa (58), Kenya (52), Ghana (xxx) 140

Appointment format [edit]

There is a big variety of formats for dates in use, which differ in the order of date components. These variations use the sample appointment of 31 May 2006: (e.g. 31/05/2006, 05/31/2006, 2006/05/31), component separators (due east.g. 31.05.2006, 31/05/2006, 31-05-2006), whether leading zeros are included (east.g. 31/5/2006 vs. 31/05/2006), whether all four digits of the yr are written (e.g., 31.05.2006 vs. 31.05.06), and whether the calendar month is represented in Arabic or Roman numerals or past proper noun (eastward.m. 31.05.2006, 31.V.2006 vs. 31 May 2006).

Gregorian, day–month–twelvemonth (DMY) [edit]

Postal mark of Czechoslovakia, 1939

This fiddling-endian sequence is used by a bulk of the world and is the preferred form by the United Nations when writing the full date format in official documents. This date format originates from the custom of writing the date as "the Nth twenty-four hour period of [calendar month] in the year of our Lord [yr]" in Western religious and legal documents. The format has shortened over fourth dimension only the order of the elements has remained constant. The following examples use the appointment of 9 November 2006. (With the years 2000–2009, care must be taken to ensure that 2 digit years practice non intend to be 1900–1909 or other similar years.) The dots have a function of ordinal dot.

  • "9 November 2006" or "nine. November 2006" (the latter is common in German-speaking regions)
  • 9/xi/2006 or 09/11/2006
  • 09.11.2006 or 9.11.2006
  • 9. xi. 2006
  • 9-xi-2006 or 09-11-2006
  • 09-Nov-2006
  • 09Nov06 – Used, including in the U.S., where infinite needs to exist saved by skipping punctuation (often seen on the dateline of Net news articles).
  • [The] ninth [of] November 2006 – 'The' and 'of' are often spoken but more often than not omitted in all but the virtually formal writing such as legal documents.
  • 09/Nov/2006 – used in the Common Log Format
  • Th, 9 Nov 2006
  • 9/xi/06, 9.eleven.06, nine-xi.06, 9/xi-06, 9.XI.2006, ix. Xi. 2006 or 9 11 2006 (using the Roman numeral for the month) – In the past, this was a common and typical way of distinguishing mean solar day from month and was widely used in many countries, but recently this practice has been afflicted by the general retreat from the employ of Roman numerals.[ citation needed ] This is normally confined to handwriting but and is not put into any class of impress.[ citation needed ] It is associated with a number of schools and universities. It has also been used by the Vatican as an alternative to using months named later on Roman deities.[ citation needed ] It is used on Canadian postmarks as a bilingual class of the month. It was also commonly used in the Soviet Union, in both handwriting and print.
  • 9 November 2006 CE or ix November 2006 Advertizement

Gregorian, twelvemonth–month–day (YMD) [edit]

In this format, the most significant data item is written before bottom data items i.e. the twelvemonth before the month before the day. It is consistent with the big-endianness of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, which progresses from the highest to the lowest club magnitude. That is, using this format textual orderings and chronological orderings are identical. This grade is standard in East asia, Islamic republic of iran, Lithuania, Hungary, and Sweden; and another countries to a limited extent.

Examples for the 9th of November 2003:

  • 2003-11-09: the standard Internet date/time format,[2] a profile of the international standard ISO 8601, orders the components of a date like this, and additionally uses leading zeros, for example, 1996-05-01, to be easily read and sorted by computers. It is used with UTC in RFC 3339. This format is also favored in certain Asian countries, mainly E Asian countries, likewise as in some European countries. The large-endian convention is too frequently used in Canada, but all three conventions are used there (both endians and the American DDMMMYYYY format are allowed on bank cheques).[3]
  • 2003, November ix
  • 2003Nov9
  • 2003Nov09
  • 2003-Nov-9
  • 2003-Nov-09
  • 2003-Nov-9, Sun
  • 2003. november ix. – The official format in Republic of hungary, point after year and day, month name with small initial. Following shorter formats as well tin be used: 2003. nov. 9., 2003. 11. 9., 2003. XI. 9.
  • 2003.11.9 using dots and no leading zeros, mutual in China.
  • 2003.11.09
  • 2003/11/09 using slashes and leading zeros, common in Internet in Japan.
  • 2003/eleven/9
  • 03/11/09
  • 20031109 : the "basic format" profile of ISO 8601, an 8-digit number providing monotonic date codes, common in computing and increasingly used in dated figurer file names. It is used in the standard iCalendar file format divers in RFC 5545. A big advantage of the ISO 8601 "basic format" is that a simple textual sort is equivalent to a sort by appointment.

It is too extended through the universal big-endian format clock time: 9 November 2003, 18h 14m 12s, or 2003/11/9/18:14:12 or (ISO 8601) 2003-11-09T18:14:12.

Gregorian, month–twenty-four hours–year (MDY) [edit]

This sequence is used primarily in the Philippines and the United states. This date format was normally used aslope the piffling-endian form in the United Kingdom until the mid-20th century and can exist found in both defunct and modern print media such as the London Gazette and The Times, respectively. This format was too normally used by several English-language print media in many erstwhile British colonies and also one of ii formats commonly used in India during British Raj era until the mid-20th century. In the United States, it is said as of Sunday, November nine, for example, although usage of "the" isn't uncommon (eastward.g. Lord's day, November the 9th, and even November the 9th, Sun, are as well possible and readily understood).

  • Thursday, Nov 9, 2006
  • November nine, 2006
  • November 9, 2006
  • Nov-9-2006
  • Nov-09-2006
  • eleven/9/2006 or 11/09/2006
  • eleven-09-2006 or 11-ix-2006
  • 11.09.2006 or 11.9.2006
  • xi.09.06
  • xi/09/06
  • 20060911

The modern convention is to avoid using the ordinal (th, st, rd, nd) form of numbers when the day follows the month (July iv or July 4, 2006). The ordinal was common in the past and is still sometimes used ([the] 4th [of] July or July quaternary).

Gregorian, twelvemonth–day–month (YDM) [edit]

This engagement format is used in Kazakhstan, Latvia, Nepal, and Turkmenistan. According to the official rules of documenting dates by governmental authorities,[iv] the long engagement format in Kazakh is written in the year–day–month society, e.g. 2006 5 Apr (Kazakh: 2006 жылғы 05 сәуір).

Standards [edit]

There are several standards that specify date formats:

  • ISO 8601 Data elements and interchange formats – Information interchange – Representation of dates and times specifies YYYY-MM-DD (the separators are optional, but only hyphens are immune to be used), where all values are fixed length numeric, but also allows YYYY-DDD, where DDD is the ordinal number of the 24-hour interval within the year, eastward.yard. 2001–365.[5]
  • RFC 3339 Date and Fourth dimension on the Internet: Timestamps specifies YYYY-MM-DD, i.e. a item subset of the options immune past ISO 8601.[half dozen]
  • RFC 5322 Cyberspace Message Format specifies day month year where 24-hour interval is i or two digits, month is a three letter of the alphabet month abridgement, and year is four digits.[7]

Usage overloading [edit]

Many numerical forms tin create defoliation when used in international correspondence, particularly when abbreviating the twelvemonth to its final 2 digits, with no context.

For example, "07/08/06" could refer to either vii Baronial 2006 or July viii, 2006 (or 1906, or the sixth twelvemonth of any century), or vi Baronial 2007. In the United States, dates are rarely written in purely numerical forms in formal writing, although they are very common elsewhere; when numerical forms are used, the month appears starting time. In the U.k., while it is regarded every bit acceptable albeit less mutual to write month-name day, year, this club is never used when written numerically. However, equally an exception, the American shorthand "9/11" is widely understood as referring to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.[viii]

When numbers are used to represent months, a significant corporeality of confusion can arise from the ambiguity of a date lodge; specially when the numbers representing the solar day, month, or year are low, it tin be impossible to tell which gild is existence used. This can exist clarified by using four digits to stand for years, and naming the month; for example, "Feb" instead of "02". The ISO 8601 date order with four-digit years: YYYY-MM-DD (introduced in ISO 2014), is specifically chosen to be unambiguous. The ISO 8601 standard as well has the advantage of existence language contained and is therefore useful when there may exist no language context and a universal awarding is desired (expiration dating on export products, for example). Many Net sites use YYYY-MM-DD, and those using other conventions often use -MMM- for the calendar month to further analyze and avert ambiguity (2001-MAY-09, ix-MAY-2001, MAY 09 2001, etc.).

In addition, the International Organization for Standardization considers its ISO 8601 standard to make sense from a logical perspective.[9] Mixed units, for example, feet and inches, or pounds and ounces, are normally written with the largest unit first, in decreasing social club. Numbers are besides written in that order, and so the digits of 2006 betoken, in order, the millennium, the century within the millennium, the decade within the century, and the year within the decade. The just engagement order that is consequent with these well-established conventions is year–month–twenty-four hours. A plain text list of dates with this format can be hands sorted past file managers, word processors, spreadsheets, and other software tools with built-in sorting functions. Some database systems use an eight-digit YYYYMMDD representation to handle date values. Naming folders with YYYY-MM-DD at the beginning allows them to be listed in engagement order when sorting by proper noun – peculiarly useful for organizing document libraries.

An early U.S. Federal Information Processing Standard recommended ii-digit years. This is at present widely recognized as extremely problematic, because of the year 2000 problem. Some U.S. regime agencies at present use ISO 8601 with four-digit years.[10] [11]

When transitioning from one date annotation to some other, people often write both styles; for case Old Style and New Mode dates in the transition from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar.

Advantages for ordering in sequence [edit]

One of the advantages of using the ISO 8601 appointment format is that the lexicographical order (ASCIIbetical) of the representations is equivalent to the chronological order of the dates, bold that all dates are in the aforementioned time zone. Thus dates can exist sorted using simple string comparison algorithms, and indeed past whatsoever left to right collation. For case: 

2003-02-28 (28 February 2003) sorts earlier 2006-03-01 (1 March 2006) which sorts before 2015-01-30 (30 January 2015)

The YYYY-MM-DD layout is the only mutual format that can provide this.[12] Sorting other date representations involves some parsing of the appointment strings. This too works when a time in 24-hr format is included afterwards the engagement, equally long equally all times are understood to exist in the aforementioned time zone.

ISO 8601 is used widely where curtailed, man-readable nonetheless easily computable and unambiguous dates are required, although many applications store dates internally as UNIX fourth dimension and only catechumen to ISO 8601 for brandish. Information technology is worth noting that all modern reckoner Operating Systems retain date information of files outside of their titles, allowing the user to choose which format they prefer and have them sorted thus, irrespective of the files' names.

Specialized usage [edit]

Twenty-four hour period and year just [edit]

The U.S. military sometimes uses a organisation, which they phone call "Julian date format"[13] that indicates the twelvemonth and the actual mean solar day out of the 365 days of the yr (and thus a designation of the month would not be needed). For example, "11 December 1999" can exist written in some contexts every bit "1999345" or "99345", for the 345th day of 1999.[14] This organisation is about frequently used in US military logistics since it simplifies the procedure of calculating estimated shipping and arrival dates. For example: say a tank engine takes an estimated 35 days to ship by sea from the U.s.a. to Republic of korea. If the engine is sent on 06104 (Fri, 14 April 2006), information technology should arrive on 06139 (Friday, xix May). Note that outside of the US war machine and some US government agencies, including the Internal Revenue Service, this format is usually referred to as "ordinal date", rather than "Julian date".[15]

Such ordinal date formats are also used by many computer programs (peculiarly those for mainframe systems). Using a three-digit Julian day number saves one byte of estimator storage over a ii-digit month plus two-digit day, for example, "January 17" is 017 in Julian versus 0117 in month-solar day format. OS/390 or its successor, z/Os, display dates in yy.ddd format for most operations.

UNIX time stores time as a number in seconds since the beginning of the UNIX Epoch (1970-01-01).

Another "ordinal" date system ("ordinal" in the sense of advancing in value by i as the date advances by one day) is in common utilise in astronomical calculations and referencing and uses the same proper name as this "logistics" system. The continuity of representation of flow regardless of the time of year beingness considered is highly useful to both groups of specialists. The astronomers describe their system equally also being a "Julian date" arrangement.[16]

Week number used [edit]

Companies in Europe often apply year, week number, and day for planning purposes. So, for example, an event in a project can happen on w43 (week 43) or w43-i (Monday, week 43) or, if the year needs to exist indicated, on w0643 or w643 (the yr 2006 week 43; i.e., Monday 23October–Sunday 29October 2006).

The ISO does present a standard for identifying weeks, but as information technology does not friction match up with the Gregorian calendar (the first and catastrophe days of a given year do not match up), this standard is somewhat more problematic than the other standards for dates.

Expressing dates in spoken English [edit]

In English-language exterior North America (mostly in Anglophone Europe and some countries in Australasia), full dates are written as 7 December 1941 (or 7th Dec 1941) and spoken every bit "the seventh of December, xix forty-i" (exceedingly common usage of "the" and "of"), with the occasional usage of Dec 7, 1941 ("December the seventh, nineteen forty-one"). In common with almost continental European usage, however, all-numeric dates are invariably ordered dd/mm/yyyy.

In Canada and the United States, the usual written grade is Dec 7, 1941, spoken every bit "December 7th, 19 forty-one" or colloquially "December the seventh, nineteen twoscore-one". Ordinal numerals, however, are not always used when writing and pronouncing dates, and "December seven, 19 forty-ane" is also an accepted pronunciation of the date written Dec 7, 1941. A notable exception to this dominion is the Fourth of July (U.Southward. Independence Day).

Encounter also [edit]

  • Calendar algorithms
  • Date and time representation past state
  • Date and fourth dimension notation in the U.k.
  • Appointment and fourth dimension note in the The states
  • Internationalization and localization
  • ISO 8601 – an international standard covering the representation of dates and times
  • List of calendars
  • Time formatting and storage bugs
  • Year 10,000 problem

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ This may not always exist sufficient. For example, the Western (Gregorian) and Eastern (Julian) Christian calendars each use the designation Advert, but the aforementioned day in the 20th and 21st century is dated differently by the calendars by xiii days, despite each using the same format. Consequently the name of the calendar must also be stated. Run into also Erstwhile Mode and New Mode dates for the notation used followind a change of civil agenda used.
  2. ^ For details of the [typically retrospective] calculation of the epoch for each calendar, come across their corresponding articles.

References [edit]

  1. ^ Dershowitz, D.; Reingold, Eastward. M (2008). Calendrical Calculations (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Academy Press. p. 45. The calendar in utilize today in most of the world is the Gregorian or new-style agenda designed by a commission assembled by Pope Gregory Xiii in the sixteenth century.
  2. ^ W3C Engagement and Time Formats Internet date/time format
  3. ^ Canadian Payments Clan – Specifications for Imageable Cheques and Other Payment Items Archived July 6, 2010, at the Wayback Automobile
  4. ^ "Official rules of documenting in governmental authorities". Government of Republic of kazakhstan (in Kazakh).
  5. ^ "ISO 8601:2004 Information elements and interchange formats – Information interchange – Representation of dates and times".
  6. ^ "5.6 Internet Date/Time Format". Date and Fourth dimension on the Internet: Timestamps. sec. 5.6. doi:10.17487/RFC3339. RFC 3339.
  7. ^ "3.three Date and Time Specification". Internet Message Format. sec. three.3. doi:x.17487/RFC5322. RFC 5322.
  8. ^ BBC News – America's 24-hour interval of Terror" (Case of British website using "nine/11" shorthand)
  9. ^ "Numeric representation of Dates and Time". Retrieved 2008-04-27 .
  10. ^ [1] Archived February 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ "International Standard Appointment and Time Note". Iprocessmart.com. Retrieved 2012-06-26 .
  12. ^ "FAQ: Date formats". World wide web Consortium (W3C). Retrieved 2008-x-21 .
  13. ^ Hynes, John (?). A summary of fourth dimension formats and standards. Retrieved on 2011-02-09 from http://www.decimaltime.hynes.net/p/dates.html.
  14. ^ Kuhn, Markus (2004-12-nineteen). A summary of the international standard date and time notation. University of Cambridge Reckoner Laboratory. Retrieved on 2006-08-01 from http://world wide web.cl.cam.ac.united kingdom/~mgk25/iso-time.html.
  15. ^ Department of Defense. "Definition of Terms." March 11, 1997. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
  16. ^ Due east. Kelly Taylor, America's Regular army and the Language of Grunts: Understanding the Regular army Lingo Legacy (Bloomington IN: AuthorHouse, 2009), 185. ISBN 1438962509, 9781438962504

External links [edit]

  • IETF: RFC 3339
  • The ISO 8601 Date Format
  • "Globalization locale database". IBM. Archived from the original on Apr 26, 2009. Retrieved 2008-10-13 .
  • "NLS (National Language Back up) information page". Microsoft. Archived from the original on March 15, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-13 .
  • RFC 2550: Y10K and Beyond
  • Today's date (Gregorian) in over 400 more-or-less obscure strange languages

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_date

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